Men Of Mathematics By E.t Bell Pdf Free Download
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Then I read the book again, while at engineering college. This time around, I was familiar with at least the names of the important mathematician
I came across this outstanding book in my schooldays, and read it then, not understanding much, but enough to know that I had got hold of something awesome. It made the subject of maths and the mathematicians come to life. Maths class at school was not as boring as it used to be, after realizing that Archimedes and Newton were real, flesh-and-blood men.Then I read the book again, while at engineering college. This time around, I was familiar with at least the names of the important mathematicians, and knew a little about their work. After this second reading, I felt more than a little love for the subject of maths, when I learned about the interesting lives that the mathematicians had led, and the often curious ways in which they had created the mathematics that we now took so much for granted. I realized that in the world of the intellect, Cauchy, Riemann, Newton, Liebnitz, Gauss, Abel and all the rest of them were true heroes. Not only that, many of them did their magnificent work in the face of desperate odds against them, like Abel and Galois. Knowing all this made the subject of mathematics come alive to me, and to this day, mathematics remains a thing of beauty to me. For this wonderful gift, I am forever indebted to E. T. Bell's Men of Mathematics.
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In tone it reminded be a lot of Russell's History of Western Philosophy - there's the British humor and the strong opinions, some people may be put off by this. It's definitely no unbiased retelling of the h
A history of mathematics up to Georg Cantor, who died in 1918, the book itself was published in 1937. Each chapter summarises the life of a mathematician (sometimes two, if their lives are intertwined), with about a quarter of each chapter being reserved for details on one or two discoveries.In tone it reminded be a lot of Russell's History of Western Philosophy - there's the British humor and the strong opinions, some people may be put off by this. It's definitely no unbiased retelling of the history of mathematics (furthermore, about 80 years have passed. Many of these stories may turned out to have been falsehoods by now [and in looking up this book, many of them are, but that doesn't detract from their fun]).
Some quotes to show the humor:
As a matter of temperament some find the Laplacian conception of an eternally stable solar system repeating the complicated cycle of its motions time after time for ever and ever as depressing as an endless nightmare. For these there is the recent comfort that the Sun will probably explode some day as a nova. Then stability will cease to trouble us, for we shall all quite suddenly become perfect gases.
or
Cauchy's life and character affect us like poor Don Quixote's — we sometimes do not know whether to laugh or to cry, and compromise by swearing.
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But on the utterly imbecilic advice of his physician he began meddling in politics "to benefit his nervous system." If ever a more idiotic prescription was handed out by a doctor to a patient whose complaint he could not diagnose it has yet to be exhumed.
Some things I learned:
- many famous mathematicians were ridiculous child prodigies in their youngest ages, Gauss being the most famous example, discovering formulas at the age of 9, finishing Disquisitiones Arithmeticae at the age of 21 (!!!) in Latin (!!!); William Rowan Hamilton spoke 13 languages by the time he was 13 years old (E. T. Bell gets very angry about this "waste of time", he could have been doing mathematics!). It may make you look at your own life with a hint of having already wasted it.
- others did terrible in traditional systems - like Poincaré, who nearly failed the mathematical parts of his Bachelor's degree and was only admitted because of his previous mathematical importance
- funding of science changed a lot with the French revolution - before that, good mathematicians got their money from benevolent rulers, after that, they either had to give lessons or were (sometimes poorly) employed by universities
- transfinite numbers are weird
- and much more, it's a long book
The biggest drawback, and here the book shows its age, is the very dry style of the mathematical parts, maybe I'm too spoiled by pop-science writing, maybe it's the age. Sometimes, the mathematics is rather simple and you wonder why the author takes so much time to expand on these points (the age?), sometimes it's so short that you have to go look it up on Wikipedia. These definitely take their time if you want to read them properly.
But then again, to quote the author (on a different occasion):
The choice of such phraseology is not merely stereotyped pedantry. There is a reason for its use, and careful writers mean exactly what they say when they assert that "we can find, etc" They mean that they can do what they say.
Recommended for: People into mathematics; people who think a book about mathematics is boring (you may want to skip or skim the mathematical parts, but it's your loss); fans of British humor
Not recommended for: People without patience, as it took me a few weeks to read this; People who need the truth and nothing but the boring truth
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The only problem I have with Bell is that the characterisation of mathematics may put off some impressionable young mathematician-to-bes. Bell, most likely inadvertently, gives a sense that, if one is not going to be a first-rate, world-class mathematician, then they should not bother taking up the art.
On the other hand, Bell's enthusiasm for mathematics is infectious. Many have criticised his tendency
3/5 for historical accuracy, 4/5 for culture. Ultimately, 3/5, but still highly recommendable.The only problem I have with Bell is that the characterisation of mathematics may put off some impressionable young mathematician-to-bes. Bell, most likely inadvertently, gives a sense that, if one is not going to be a first-rate, world-class mathematician, then they should not bother taking up the art.
On the other hand, Bell's enthusiasm for mathematics is infectious. Many have criticised his tendency to embellish and from a historian's point of view Bell does more harm than good. But as a piece of mathematical culture it remains very important -- think Romance of the Three Kingdoms in Chinese literature, except not as fictionalised. So long as you take some of the historical accounts with a grain of salt, Men of Mathematics will be a pleasure to read, even for the non-mathematician. In fact, I would say that the gravitas Bell attributes to certain eras, ideas and theorems of mathematics is only an approximation, for their universal significance is truly ineffable. So in that sense, Bell is actually being modest.
My final qualm with it is that it doesn't really capture the collaborative spirit that is even more pronounced in modern mathematics. In this sense Men of Mathematics is outdated, and perhaps a tad too romantic for my taste. Nonetheless, it is a classic, to inspire at least one more generation of mathematicians (mine!).
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To prove the greatness of a mathematician, his works have to be explained. And the author has done a fabulously job of conveying the greatness of each mathematician without too much mathematical details. Mind you there is still plenty of mathematics in each chapter, I would guess about 40%. I didn't understood many mathematical proofs, but still was able to appreciate the contribution of the mathematician.
I have been reading this book on and off for more than a year. It is not the lightest book I have read, but definitely one of the best non-fictions I have picked.
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Mathematicians: more humane than humans of any craft ever be - the ones who believed in logic deduced from fundamentals and stood for them even if the world s
We generally think of mathematicians as some old, senile professors who think that common people don't understand them that they are just good for teaching. But the mathematicians have been politicians, administrators, churchmen, soldiers and whatnot. This book is not about mathematics but rather than the life of mathematicians in general.Mathematicians: more humane than humans of any craft ever be - the ones who believed in logic deduced from fundamentals and stood for them even if the world stood against!
#MenOfMathematics #ETBell #Completed #Book_No_12 #Obsessed #Emotional #Humans
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Later 2/3: 2 stars
I guess that averages out to a 2 & 2/3 star rating, although it feels like I slugged through the boring parts for so long that I'm rounding down.
The biggest point against Men of Mathematics is that is truly the Men of Mathematics. And it really should have been White European Men of Mathematics. While it is true that most of modern mathematics was discovered by European men *cough* imperialism *cough*, there were some people of color and women who some import
First 1/3: 4 startsLater 2/3: 2 stars
I guess that averages out to a 2 & 2/3 star rating, although it feels like I slugged through the boring parts for so long that I'm rounding down.
The biggest point against Men of Mathematics is that is truly the Men of Mathematics. And it really should have been White European Men of Mathematics. While it is true that most of modern mathematics was discovered by European men *cough* imperialism *cough*, there were some people of color and women who some important work. Like Ada Lovelace, the first computer scientist. Or Emmy Noether, a landmark abstract algebraist whose theories underpin all of modern physics. Or, you know, the Arabs who invented Algebra. Or the Indians who invented zero. It's not as if there was a time period to focus on, the book opens on ancient Greece and then skips straight to Descartes.
I guess this book is a product of its times. It was written in 1937. Ideas like including women on the merit of their accomplishments weren't invented yet.
Aside from the imperialist and sexist attitude of the author, it was quite enjoyable! For some of it at least. The book is structured as a series of mini biographies of famous mathematicians. There are 23 chapters (intro + 22 mathematicians) from Zeno to Descartes to Gauss to Eisenstein to…if you're bored already this book is not for you. My main issue is that if you are not already familiar with the characters and their accomplishments, the writing will not make you interested. I know this because I was already familiar with the characters in the 1/3 of the chapters I liked and unfamiliar with the 2/3 of the characters in the chapters I didn't.
I learned some neat tidbits, and some pretty cool math, but mostly I get to say I read the damn thing and have it look impressive on my shelf. Men of Mathematics, where you have to be white, male, and french or german, and a genius as 22 to get a few pages jotted down about you. Oh and you'll probably die poor and sick and young anyway.
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I can get some new ideas.
The world's great mathematicians have played a major part in the evolution of scientific and philosophic thought. Many believe the three greatest mathematicians of all time include Archimedes, Newton, and Gauss. In fact, some historians postulate that if the Greeks took their cue from Archimedes instead of Euclid, Plato, and Aristotle, they might have advanced the era of modern mathematics of Newton and physical science of Galileo during the 17th century by 2,000 years.
Modern mathematics began with two great advances - analytic geometry in 1637 with Rene Descartes (1596-1650) and calculus with Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) and Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) around 1666. Descartes took that final step with his Cartesian coordinate system in building out analytic geometry "with its structure of geometrical proof, discovery, and invention." Descartes can be said to have invented geometry and he documented his mathematical findings in an appendix to his great work Method (1637). Newton and Leibniz independently developed calculus in order to explain the physics of nature. Both built upon the incredible insight of Archimedes regarding the idea of limiting sums from which the integral calculus emerges.
The entire development of mathematics owes its progress to the ongoing battle between the notion of the discrete and the idea of the continuous. The use of the discrete, captured by the numbers 1,2,3,..., attempts to define the natural world atomistically, as individual elements put together to describe the whole. The world of the discrete belongs to algebra, symbolic logic, and the theory of numbers.
The continuous, on he other hand, tries to describe nature as undulating, coursing, and flowing phenomena, such as the rise and fall of the tides, the orbits of the planets, and the movement of electricity. Such continuity takes us into the mathematical world of the calculus and to a huge array of applications common to the fields of science and technology - the world of mathematical analysis. Engineers make much use of the tools of mathematics to solve practical problems.
The appearance of continuous mathematics can be attributed to Pythagoras's failed attempt to describe the world solely with discrete mathematics. What we call the Pythagorean Theorem proves the point. If two sides of a triangle have a length of one unit, the diagonal produced with geometry yields an answer of the square root of 2. This number cannot be derived with a finite number of measurements simply because the square root of 2 is an irrational number, a series of never-ending numbers needed to describe the length. Some of the Greeks must have been less tolerant, as the young mathematician who raised the issue of irrational numbers was thrown overboard and killed. The followers of the discrete did not want to be derailed by the ideas of the continuous.
Other biographical sketches Bell shares with his readers include:
- Fermat, who founded the theory of numbers, shared in the creation of the theory of probability, and developed both Fermat's Theorem and Fermat's Last Theorem,
- Pascal, who cofounded the theory of probability, invented the first calculating machine, carried on Toricelli's work on atmospheric pressure, and solved many aspects of the cycloid,
- The Bernoulli family, which produced eight mathematicians over three generations, the greatest of which was Daniel who developed principles leading to the conservation of energy postulate and is best known for his work in pure and applied fluid motion,
- Euler, who was brilliant in both discrete and continuous mathematics, has never been surpassed as an algorist. He developed a solution to the three-body problem useful for navigation and made mechanics and analytical science,
- Lagrange, who was close friends with the great chemist Lavoisier, used methods of approximation to develop six-body solutions in celestial mathematics,
- Laplace, who was a mathematical astronomer, proved the stability of the Solar System in his era and developed the theory of the potential, key to understanding the basics of electromagnetism,
- Monge, the inventor of descriptive geometry used for all mechanical drawings and graphical methods that helped make mechanical engineering a reality,
- Fourier developed the theory of heat conduction, which led to useful ideas on boundary-value problems, concepts critical to the development of electrical engineering and acoustical engineering,
- Poncelet developed projective geometry and introduced the principles of continuity and duality,
- Gauss, considered the Prince of Mathematicians, applied rigor to mathematical analysis, inventing the law of reciprocity, the method of "least squares" - the Gaussian law of normal distribution of errors in statistics and the associated bell-shaped curve that is familiar to many, developed the laws of biquadratic and cubic reciprocity, discovered the double periodicity of certain elliptical functions, unified cartesian and polar coordinates by noting that multiplication by i has the effect of rotation through a right angle, laid a mathematical theory of electromagnetism and coinvented an electric telegraph, developed differential geometry, and built up conformal mapping,
- Cauchy introduced rigor into mathematical analysis and the combinatorial, which led to the theory of groups
- Abel and Jacobi jointly developed the theory of elliptic functions and the Hamilton-Jacobi equations contributed to quantum mechanics,
- Cayley developed the theory of invariants of great importance to the theory of relativity, the notion of geometry of "higher space" (or of n dimensions), and the theory of matrices, which proved most useful for Heisenberg when he used matrix multiplcation for his work in quantum theory 67 years later,
- Weierstrass created a theory of irrational numbers to address the concepts of limits, continuity, and covergence,
- Boole's original work added mathematical logic to the domain of algebra,
- Hermite solved the general equation of the fifth degree using elliptical functions instead of radicals, which proved to be impossible as a solution set, and developed the concept of transcendance of the number e (2.71828...),
- Kronecker combined the the theory of numbers, the theory of equations, and elliptic functions into one pattern, and
- Reimann, one of the most original mathematicians of modern times, defined curvature and recognized its invariance, and devised processes for the investigation of quadratic differential forms, both which found their physical interpretation in Einstein's theory of relativity.
Read Bell's summary of these great mathematicians and learn about their humanity, appreciate their strengths and frailties, and admire their seminal achievements.
Good reading!
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"Mathematics is the most exact science, and its conclusions are capable of absolute proof. But this is so only because mathematics does not attempt to draw absolute conclusions. All mathematical truths are relative, conditional." – Charles Proteus Steinmetz
"Of all the ancients Archimedes is the
It must be difficult to write biographies of mathematicians. Their excellence in math does not mean they are interesting subjects otherwise. However, Bell has a done a very good job. My favorite passages:"Mathematics is the most exact science, and its conclusions are capable of absolute proof. But this is so only because mathematics does not attempt to draw absolute conclusions. All mathematical truths are relative, conditional." – Charles Proteus Steinmetz
"Of all the ancients Archimedes is the only one who habitually thought with the unfettered freedom that the greater mathematicians permit themselves today with all the hard-won gains of twenty five centuries to smoother their way, for he alone of all the Greeks had sufficient stature and strength to stride clear of the obstacles thrown in the path of mathematical progress by frightened geometers who had listened to the philosophers." (20)
"Give me a place to stand on and I will move the earth." – Archimedes (on levers)
Descartes spent his mornings lying in bed thinking, remembering is schoolboy days when the rector told him to do just that, and understanding that the quiet meditation the habit produced was responsible for his philosophy and mathematics. (37)
On Newton, "In all the history of mathematicsc Newton has had no superior (and perhaps no equal) in the ability to concentrate all the forces of his intellect on a difficulty at an instant's notice." (116)
Funny story at the court of Catherine the Great. Denis Diderot was trying to convert to atheism, and Catherine commissioned Euler to silence him, knowing how uncomfortable Diderot was with math. "Euler advanced toward Diderot, and said gravely, and in a tone of perfect conviction: 'Sir, (a+b to the nth) / n = x, hence God exists; reply!' It sounded like sense to Diderot. Humiliated by the unrestrained laughter which greeted his embarrassed silence, the poor man asked Catherine's permission to return at once to France." (147)
Euler calculated the complex mathematics of lunar motion entirely in his head. (150)
If you love mathematics, and want to learn the context and lives of the people who contributed to its development, this is a great source.
See my other reviews here!
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The main problem with this work is how chaotic the pacing is throughout. Gauss receives—deservedly—near 100 pages and others barely 10. While I understand the reasoning behind doing
Reading Bell is a bit like talking to an informed but credulous undergraduate mathematics student: he is so certain of the irrefutability of his logic and knowledge that he comes off as a bit of an asshole. That being said, he is a pleasant jerk and is able to weave together a very capable collection of biographies.The main problem with this work is how chaotic the pacing is throughout. Gauss receives—deservedly—near 100 pages and others barely 10. While I understand the reasoning behind doing it this way, the strong presence of Bell's personality forces me to confront his own disinterest when he writes some of his chapters (his chapter on Jacobi comes to mind) and overwhelms me when he decides to mind-read an ancient figure before going on a diatribe about anything that isn't pure math. With a better writer, this wouldn't be an issue, but I'm not sure that Bell is aware of the effect his writing has on the reader.
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OK, I get it -- for the most part, readers do want people stories over math, but those are not the people who are going to be reading this book. Know your audience, Er
Don't let the introduction of this book fool you! While the front-matter is enticing and exciting, the rest of the book fails to live up to these expectations. This book manages to make an exciting topic boring and hard to suffer through via a combination of flowery, say-nothing prose and a focus on the people rather than the math.OK, I get it -- for the most part, readers do want people stories over math, but those are not the people who are going to be reading this book. Know your audience, Eric Temple Bell. I would not recommend this book in the slightest.
If you're looking for a book that presents the history of nerdy shit well, treat yourself to "The Making of the Atomic Bomb" and skip over this drivel.
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It's very inspirational, although admittedly it contains very little actual math.
I later learned that it has been criticized for its lack of accuracy as E.T. Bell was not an expert on the history of mathematics.
Also, it came out in the early 1900s, so the many important mathematical developments since then are not dealt with.
But overall, this is a great ach
I always liked math, but this was the first book which gave me a great idea of the scope of math. I probably read it when I was around 14-15.It's very inspirational, although admittedly it contains very little actual math.
I later learned that it has been criticized for its lack of accuracy as E.T. Bell was not an expert on the history of mathematics.
Also, it came out in the early 1900s, so the many important mathematical developments since then are not dealt with.
But overall, this is a great achievement, it really makes math come alive and seem really exciting, which I am sure was the main point.
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Finally finished this giant book. I was mostly interested in the story of those mathematicians but E T Bell explained Math more than it was needed. This book could have written in two parts where one explains the life stories and other their contributions in the field. Over all good book. The stories were very interesting.
Becomes monotonous after a few chapters. Was hoping for more math and less criticism of the lives of mathematicians. Author is judgemental, likely an atheist and homophobe.
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Men Of Mathematics By E.t Bell Pdf Free Download
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